Archive for the ‘Pengetahuan’ category

PENERAPAN MESIN DIESEL ELEKTRIK PADA KAPAL LAUT

July 6th, 2010

The diesel electric propulsion system drives a propeller by electric power. The conventional ships drive the propeller directly by the diesel propulsion engine. In a diesel electric propulsion ship, electric power generated by diesel generators can drive a propulsion motor and cover all required electric power at the same time. The diesel electric propulsion system can be not only people and ship-friendly, but also earth-friendly.

The Diesel Electoric Propulsion System

Increase Navigational Safety and Operational Efficiency (Dual System). Contrary to the conventional arrangement where the main diesel engine provides propulsion power and the auxilliary engines provide electricity, the diesel electric propulsion system provides electricity for both propulsion and energy needs of the ship. The need for only auxilliary engines means lower purchasing and operating cost.

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KONSTRUKSI LINGGI PADA KAPAL

June 6th, 2010

Linggi Haluan dan Linggi Buritan   Konstruksi pada badan kapal diperlengkapi di depan dengan linggi haluan (stem) dan dibelakang dengan linggi buritan (stem post) yang merupakan ujung-ujung yang kokoh untuk suatu kapal.

Linggi haluan (stem)
Adapun beberapa bentuk linggi yang kita kenal yaitu:
Bentuk linggi clipper
Bentuk linggi ini sekarang kadang-kadang masih kita jumpai pada kapal-kapal dengan padle wheel atau pada yacht bermotor. Dulu bentuk linggi clipper ini banyak dipakai pada kapal-kapal uap dan kapal-kapal layar.

Bentuk linggi lurus
Bentuk linggi biasanya selau dipasang condong agak ke depan. Bentuk linggi semacam ini sekarang adalah paling sering dipakai. Sudut kemiringan/ kecondongannya adalah biasanya sekitar 13 terhadap garis tegak haluan (fore peak), tetapi kadang-kadang juga dibuat lebih besar untuk menambah kecepatan.

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FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI OLAH GERAK KAPAL

June 6th, 2010

Kemampuan Olah Gerak kapal akan dipengaruhi oleh faktor dari DALAM dan faktor dari LUAR. Terlebih dulu di bab ini akan di uraikan tentang Faktor Luar, yang berkaitan dengan keadaan laut dan perairan dimana kapal berada, kemudian faktor dari faktor tetap dan tidak tetap.

Untuk mengetahui kemampuan olah gerak (Maneovering Ability) maka harus dipahami terlebih dahulu tentang faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhinya. Pada Maneovering Trials Suatu kapal, dibuat data – data tentang karakter olah geraknya pada macam – macam situasi pemuatannya. Misalnya pada saat kapal kosong, penuh atau sebagian terisi muatan antara lain data tentang Turning Circle, Zigzag Manoevoring, Crash Stop dll.

  • Manoeuvering Characteristic kapal, adakalanya dipasang di anjungan berbentuk gambar, sehingga memudahkan sewaktu – waktu diperlukan, misalnya oleh pandu sebelum olah geraknya maupun para perwiranya.
  • Pengaruh keadaan laut dan perairan ikut menunjang keberhasilan olah gerak, walaupun kadang – kadang diperlukan bantuan kapal pandu jika kapal sulit untuk melakukan sendiri.
  • Faktor manusia, olah gerak sangat menarik untuk di pelajari, oleh karena itu pengaruh manusia sangan menunjang.
  • » Read more: FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI OLAH GERAK KAPAL

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Istilah-Istilah Penanganan Muatan & Transportasi Laut

May 13th, 2010

Istilah-Istilah Penanganan Muatan & Transportasi Laut

Despatch adalah pengiriman; lamanya kapal singgah di pelabuhan; penyelesaian pemuatan atau pembongkaran lebih cepat dari waktu yang disetujui. Despatch Money adalah uang kompensasi despatch.

Deviation Clause adalah keterlambatan kapal yang disebabkan oleh perubahan track atau haluan kapal untuk menghindari bahaya navigasi yang mengancam. Keterlambatan karena perubahan haluan kapal tersebut ditanggung oleh kedua belah pihak (shipper dan carrier). Direct B/L adalah B/L mengenai muatan yang ditujukan ke pelabuhan tertentu.

Displacement = Berat benaman adalah adalah berat zat cair yang dipindahkan oleh kapal itu, atau hasil penjumlahan dari berat kapal kosong (light displacemen) dan Dead Weight. Disponent Owners adalah pencharter yang menyewakan kembali kapal yang dicharternya dari ship’s owner. Dock Water Allowance (DWA) adalah perubahan draft rata-rata jika kapal berlayar dari air payau ke air laut, atau sebaliknya.

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Anchors and Anchor Parts

April 25th, 2010

The anchor parts

Parts of an anchor

  • The shank is the stem of the anchor in which direction is pulled to set (bury) the anchor.
  • The crown connects the various parts of the modern anchor.
  • The stock turns the anchor into an attitude that enables the flukes to dig into the sea bed.
  • The tripping ring is used for the optional tripping line: by pulling the tripping line, the anchor will break out.
  • The flukes will be buried into the seabed. The very tip of a fluke is sometimes called the bill.

Four anchors for sailing yachts

Criteria for anchor selection

  • reliability to set
  • holding power
  • ability to withstand veering (i.e. resetting qualities)
  • susceptibility to damage

» Read more: Anchors and Anchor Parts

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Flag Etiquette Ensigns & Flags

April 25th, 2010

National flags or ensigns

The vessel’s national flag – not necessarily the same nationality as the skipper or owner – should be displayed at the stern of the yacht; however on traditional yachts, placement on the main leech or gaff is historically more correct. If the crew’s nationality differs from that of the yacht, the crew’s national flag can be flown under the courtesy flag at the starboard spreader. Likewise the nationality of an important guest on board is displayed this way. Note that the European flag should not be used, since it doesn’t refer to a nation. Flag and ensign are synonymous. The name ensign is derived from the French enseigne and Latin plural insignia

Courtesy flags

When in foreign waters the courtesy ensign, often the national flag of that country, is hoisted under the starboard spreader of the most forward mast. On a mastless powerboat, the courtesy flag replaces any flag that is normally flown at the bow.
Like the national flags or ensigns, the courtesy flag is hoisted at 08:00 local time and lowered at sunset. Yet, when manoeuvring – for example entering or leaving port – the national flags should be flown even at night until your ship is out of sight or safely at dock.

» Read more: Flag Etiquette Ensigns & Flags

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Plotting and Piloting

April 25th, 2010

Lines of position

The modern chart shows us positions of many recognizable aids to navigation like churches and lighthouses, which facilitate the approach to a coastal area. This concept originated from a chart by Waghenaer and proved a milestone in the development of European cartography. This work was called “Spieghel der Zeevaerdt” and included coastal profiles and tidal information much like the modern chart. It enables us to find the angle between the North and for example an offshore platform, as seen from our position.

Navigation - bearings - LOP
Compass courses
Compass  Bearing on Rig = 44 Use Ship's Compass Heading to get Deviation. LOP =  50.
True courses

Taking a bearing on this oil rig with a compass provides us with a compass course. This course first needs correction for both variation and – via ship’s heading – deviation before plotting a Line of Position (LOP) in the chart as a true course. Our position is somewhere along this line.

» Read more: Plotting and Piloting

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Lights and Buoys

April 25th, 2010

Aids to navigation

Aids to navigation are special structures like lighthouses, lightships, beacons, buoys, etc that are used to enhance safety by providing more opportunities to obtain LOPs.

These lights and marks are prescribed across the world by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). In 1977 this IALA endorsed two maritime buoyage systems putting an end to the 30 odd systems existing at that time. Region A – IALA A covers all of Europe and most of the rest of the world, whereas region B – IALA B covers only the Americas, Japan, the Philippines and Korea. Fortunately, the differences between these two systems are few. The most striking difference is the direction of buoyage.
All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by:

  • Shape
  • Colour
  • Topmark
  • Light

Light identification

During daytime, the identification of aids to navigation is accomplished by observing: location, shape, colour scheme, auxiliary features (sound signals, RACON, RC, etc) or markings (name, number, etc).

During the night, we use the features of the aid to navigation’s light to both identify it and ascertain its purpose. There are three features to describe the light:

  • Colour: Either white, red, green or yellow. If no colour is stated in the chart, default is white.

» Read more: Lights and Buoys

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Nautical Charts

April 25th, 2010

Projections

The nautical chart is a 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional world. And although this results in various distortions, as long as two requirements are met we can use this image for navigational purposes.

  1. The angles between three objects in the chart should be the same as the angles between the real objects which they represent.
  2. A straight course should appear as a straight line in the chart.

To fulfil these demands a nautical chart requires parallels and meridians that are both straight and parallel. Moreover, the meridians will need to be perpendicular to the parallels.
A well known method to create such a chart is called the Mercator projection after Gerard “Mercator” Kremer, a Flemish scholar who studied in ‘s Hertogenbosch (the Netherlands) and Leuven (now Belgium) and who invented his famous projection in 1569.

The Mercator chart was designed for sailors and can be constructed by wrapping a cylinder around the planet so that it touches the equator. On this cylinder the surface of the earth is projected and finally the cylinder is cut open to yield the 2-dimensional chart.
But where the meridians converge on the globe they run parallel in the projection (see chart below), indicating the distortion. Look, for example, at a high parallel. The length of such a parallel on the globe is much smaller than the equator. Yet, on the chart they have exactly the same length creating a distortion which gets bigger nearer to the poles. The figure below shows the construction of the Mercator projection. From this it is clear that only the vertical scales should be used for measuring distances.

Mercator

» Read more: Nautical Charts

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Glossary Nautical Charts

April 25th, 2010
  • Parallels: Circles parallel to the equator, ranging from 0° to 90° N or S. Only the equator is a great circle.
  • Meridians: half-circles converging at the poles, ranging from 0° to 180° E or W. Each pair of opposing meridians forms a great circle.
  • Prime meridian: 0° or the Greenwich meridian which – together with the date line meridian – divides the Western and Eastern hemispheres.
  • Great circle: The intersection of a sphere and a plane that passes through the sphere’s centre.
  • Small circle: The intersection of a sphere and a plane that doesn’t pass though the sphere’s centre.
  • Time zones: By convention 24 zones, each 15° longitude wide. Hence, noon at Greenwich gives midnight at 180° E.
  • GMT, UTC, Zulu: The outdated accronym GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) is roughly the same as UTC or Zulu, and is also the local time at Greenwich when daylight saving isn’t used. Note that UTC is an atomic time scale which only approximates GMT, so best to use the modern term “UTC”. Antonym: Local time elsewhere. For example, local time in Athens = UTC + 2.
  • Date line: The 180° meridian which extends from or is opposite to the prime meridian. Here, not only the hour changes when crossing the meridian, but also the date.
  • Latitude: Position property defined by the number of degrees north or south of the equator, varies from 0° to 90°.
  • Longitude: Position property defined by the number of degrees east or west of the prime meridian, varies from 0° to 180°.

» Read more: Glossary Nautical Charts

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